Dr. Anant Bhosale, B18943, Dr. Virna Shah, Dr. Parag K Shah, Dr. Anant Bhosale
Introduction
Patients of papilledema have acquired bilateral, optic nerve head swelling due to increased intracranial pressure. Papilledema is an important reason of referral of patients to neuro-ophthalmology clinic. Suspicion of papilledema warrants timely ascertaining of its diagnosis, evaluation and management. Differentiation between papilledema and pseudopapilledema is important as patients with papilledema need thorough work up whereas patients with pseudopapilledema often only need reassurance monitoring and follow up. The presentation of papilledema patients is varied, some present with headache, transient visual blurring. Pseudopapilledema might present with more severe and acute presentation. To differentiate these and confirmation of diagnosis is usually done by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is a tedious, costly investigation. Ultrasonography is a safe, cost-effective, easily available, non-cumbersome modality for diagnosis of papilledema. There are very few studies done which demonstrate the value of ocular ultrasonography in diagnosis of papilledema. Some studies have shown increased optic nerve sheath width by orbital ultrasonography correlating well with the final diagnosis of papilledema or pseudo papilledema. However all these studies measured the optic nerve width ranging anywhere from 3 mm to 3.3 mm to 5.7 mm along with 300 test. Measuring the optic nerve width and 300 test is difficult and requires an experienced ultrasonographer. None of the studies emphasized on the presence of ‘crescent’ or ‘doughnut’ sign alone, which is easier to elicit and does not require a very experienced or skilled ultrasonographer. Our study shows the effectiveness of eliciting the ‘crescent’ sign on ocular ultrasonography in diagnosing papilledema, before subjecting them to costly investigations like MRI.
Methods
This was a retrospective study done in our institute from August 2015 to July 2016. 50 patients diagnosed to have papilledema clinically, were included in this study. For each patient age, sex, duration of complaints, headache if present, associated systemic conditions were recorded. After measuring the visual acuity, all patients were clinically examined first by torch light, followed by slit lamp examination, intraocular pressure recording by applanation tonometry and a dilated fundus examination using 90 diopter lens. Informed consent was taken from all patients. Ocular ultrasonography using a 10 MHz probe (Sonomed Escalon E-Z Scan B5500+, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA) was performed on all in a supine position. If fluid was seen around the optic nerve, within the sheath, then it was noted as ‘crescent’ or ‘doughnut’ sign positive and it indicated presence of papilledema. All patients were referred to a neurologist and all crescent sign positive cases were subjected to neuro imaging. SPSS version 16.0 software was used for the statistical analysis.
Results
The average age of presentation was 30 years (range 6 to 60 years). There were 37 (74%) females and only 13 (26%) males. Headache was the most common presenting complaint seen in 47/50 (94%) cases. Transient visual loss and diplopia were other complaints in very few cases. The duration of symptoms ranged from four days to 4 years. The most common systemic association was hypertension and diabetes mellitus in 3 patients (6%) each. 76% (n=38) patients out of 50 had no systemic disease.
Out of the 50 diagnosed cases of papilledema 46 showed positive ‘crescent sign’ on ultrasonography. Thus the sensitivity of orbital ultrasonography in diagnosing papilledema was 92% (n=46). Neuroimaging was done in all these cases and the most common cause of papilledema on MRI was idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIHT) in 30 cases (60%) followed by space occupying lesions (SOL) in 8 (16%). Of the SOL cases, four had tumors in posterior cranial fossa, one in frontal lobe, two had meningiomas and one had craniopharyngioma. Sinus thrombosis was seen in 9 cases (18%). The common sinuses involved were sagittal sinus, sigmoid sinus and transverse sinus. Two patients had Grade IV hypertension retinopathy associated papilledema while one patient had multilocular hydrocephalus post shunt surgery. All these three cases along with one case of IIHT had normal ultrasonography (false negatives).
Discussion
Papilledema is an important reason for emergency referral for patient to neurophthalmology clinic [6]. However, sometimes it is difficult to differentiate papilledema from pseudo papilledema and patient has to be subjected MRI for confirmation of diagnosis. Cost, time duration, difficulties in claustrophobic and metal implants patients make it a tedious investigation. Ocular ultrasonographic measurement of optic disc width along with 300 test and presence of fluid around the optic nerve as a ‘crescent’ or ‘doughnut’ sign has been shown to be useful in confirming papilledema. However these tests, especially measurement of optic disc width and 300 test, require a cooperative patient with an experienced ultrasonographer and these tests are also time consuming. Eliciting the crescent sign alone is faster, has a shorter learning curve and can be done even by a less experienced ultrasonographer. In our study crescent sign was seen in 46/50 cases with a 92% sensitivity, which proves ultrasound B scan is a sensitive tool in initial diagnosis of papilledema. Sensitivity was 90%, 95% and 100% in studies by Carter et al, Neudorfer et al and Mehrpour et al respectively. However all these studies took a combination of measuring optic nerve width, 300 test and presence of crescent sign. Our study shows that presence of crescent sign alone has a good sensitivity of 92%. The advantage of eliciting the crescent sign is that it is faster and easier to perform compared to the other two tests. Four cases in our study had false negative scans. Of these two had grade IV hypertensive retinopathy (where we don’t expect to have positive crescent sign), one case was with IIHT and another one had hydrocephalus post shunt surgery. In a single case by Sadda et al the patient had bilateral disc edema with positive crescent sign on ocular ultrasonography but the patient was symptomless with normal intracranial pressure and normal MRI. None of our cases showed false positivity.
Other investigative modalities like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography have also been studied in the diagnosis of papilledema. However, retro orbital anatomy cannot be imaged by OCT and fluorescein angiography has disadvantage of being invasive.
Conclusion : Our study demonstrates, ‘crescent sign ’ on ultrasound for diagnosis of papilledema a highly sensitive tool in differentiating papilledema from pseudo papilledema before subjecting the patients to more costly, tedious and time consuming investigative modalities like MRI. A positive crescent sign should always be followed by MRI to find out the cause of papilledema.
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